( 22 Sep, 2015) SCIENCE (FAMOUS DISCOVERIES, KNOWN PRODUCT): Published By : upscgk.com Anthropology: 19th century: Historical relatedness of languages 19th century: Extinct human ancestry 20th century: Culture and tool use among chimpanzees Astronomy/Cosmology: 3rd century B.C.: Heliocentrism (Earth and the planets revolving around the Sun) by Aristarchus of Samos 3rd century B.C.: The discovery of the curvature of the Earth, its size (circumference) computed by Eratosthenes 2nd century B.C.: Discovery of tides being caused by the Moon, by Seleucus of Seleucia 16th century: Explicit heliocentric model by Nicolaus Copernicus 17th century: Moons of Jupiter by Galileo Galilei 17th century: Sunspots by Johannes and David Fabricius, Christoph Scheiner and Galileo Galilei 18th and 19th century: The outer planets, Uranus and Neptune 20th century: Universe beyond our galaxy 20th century: Expansion and age of the universe, based on Hubble’s law 20th century: Cosmic microwave background radiation Biology: Systemic circulation of blood and double circulatory system by William Harvey Observation of microorganisms by Antony van Leeuwenhoek Discovery of the role of oxygen in respiration and photosynthesis by Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and Jan Ingenhousz Former existence of extinct species Mendel’s Laws of Genetics Discovery of evidence for the evolution of species in the fossil record and DNA sequences. Chromosomes in the cell nucleus bear a definite linear arrangement of genes – the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance. Discovery of the essential minerals, nutrients and vitamins in foodstuffs. Discovery of the mechanism of evolution by natural selection, by Charles Darwin The role of microorganisms in causing infectious disease, by Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister The nervous system acts via electrical impulses. Discovery of the structure and function of DNA and RNA Discovery of the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. Discovery of restriction endonucleases, later used in genetic engineering, by Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith. Chemistry: Electron discovered by J.J.Thomson. law of conservation of mass by Antoine Lavoisier The synthesis of urea from inorganic chemicals, by Friedrich Woehler, disproving Vitalism Chirality or handedness of asymmetrical molecules, by Louis Pasteur Periodicity of the elements by Dmitri Mendeleev Practical synthesis of ammonia, by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch X-ray crystallography, allowing for the determination of molecular structures Synthesis of Neoprene and Nylon by Wallace Carothers and colleagues Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the rapid determination of molecular structures in solution. Chromatography for the efficient separation and purification of chemicals. Dideoxy method of DNA sequencing, by Fred Sanger Geology: 16th century: Continental drift, put forward by Flemish geographer Abraham Ortelius 20th century: Geologic time scale, proposed by British geologist Arthur Holmes 20th century: Great age of the Earth, finally discovered by C. C. Patterson Physics: 17th century: Principle of relativity by Galileo Galilei 17th century: Newton’s laws of motion by Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton 17th century: Classical mechanics and inverse square law of gravity (Newton’s law of universal gravitation) by Isaac Newton 18th century: Kinetic energy is proportional to mass × velocity squared by Émilie du Châtelet, based on experiments by Willem ‘sGravesande. 18th century: +/- Electric charges and their conservation, by Benjamin Franklin 18th century: Mechanical energy equivalent of heat, by Count Rumford and others. 19th century: Phenomena of Electromagnetism, discovered by Hans Christian Ørsted and Michael Faraday 19th century: Laws of Electromagnetism, developed by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell 19th century: Experiments on Diffraction done by Augustin-Jean Fresnel provide evidence for the wave theory of light 19th century: Electromagnetic waves, predicted by James Clerk Maxwell, discovered by Heinrich Hertz 19th century: The Michelson–Morley experiment demonstrates that light is not carried by Aether 19th century: Radioactivity by Henri Becquerel and others. 19th century: Electron, discovered by J. J. Thomson and his team 20th century: Photon, theoretically proven by Albert Einstein 20th century: Quantum theory to account for the photoelectric effect by Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, and many others. 20th century: The demonstration of time dilation as a real physical phenomenon by Albert Einstein 20th century: The theories of special and general relativity by Albert Einstein 20th century: Ultra short radio waves by J. C. Bose